Memory Loss Can Start as Early as Age 45, Study Says
The authors argue that robust evidence showing cognitive decline before the age of 60 has important ramifications because it demonstrates the importance of promoting healthy lifestyles, particularly cardiovascular health.
The brain’s capacity for memory, reasoning, and comprehension skills (cognitive function) can start to deteriorate from age 45, according to research recently published in the British Medical Journal.
Previous research suggests that cognitive decline does not begin before the age of 60, but this view is not universally accepted, according to BMJ.
Researchers, led by Archana Singh-Manoux from the Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health in France and University College London in the U.K., say that “understanding cognitive aging will be one of the challenges of this century,” especially as life expectancy continues to rise.
They add that it is important to investigate the age at which cognitive decline begins because medical interventions are more likely to work when individuals first start to experience mental impairment.
The authors observed 5,198 men and 2,192 women over a 10-year period from 1997. They were all civil servants aged between 45 and 70 and were part of the Whitehall II cohort study established in 1985.
Participants’ cognitive functions were assessed three times over the study period. Individuals were tested for memory, vocabulary, and aural and visual comprehension skills. The latter include recalling in writing as many words beginning with “S” (phonemic fluency) and as many animal names (semantic fluency) as possible.
Differences in education level were taken into account.
The results show that cognitive scores declined in all categories (memory, reasoning, phonemic and semantic fluency) except vocabulary and there was faster decline in older people.
The findings also reveal that during the 10-year study period there was a 3.6 percent decline in mental reasoning in men aged 45-49 and a 9.6 percent decline in those aged 65-70. The corresponding figures for women were 3.6 percent and 7.4 percent.
The authors argue that robust evidence showing cognitive decline before the age of 60 has important ramifications because it demonstrates the importance of promoting healthy lifestyles, particularly cardiovascular health, as there is emerging evidence that “what is good for our hearts is also good for our heads.”
They add that targeting patients who suffer from one or more risk factors for heart disease (obesity, high blood pressure, and high cholesterol levels) could not only protect their hearts but also safeguard them from dementia in later life.
In an accompanying editorial, Francine Grodstein, associate professor of medicine at Brigham and Women’s Hospital in Boston, says the study “has profound implications for prevention of dementia and public health.”
Grodstein adds that more creative research, perhaps using telephone and computer cognitive assessments, needs to be undertaken.