Survey Shows More Than 25 Percent of Americans Experience Daily Pain
Based on a random survey of nearly 4,000 respondents in the United States, Arthur A. Stone, Ph.D., distinguished professor and vice chair at the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science at Stony Brook University, and Alan Krueger, Ph.D., professor at the Department of Economics and the Woodrow Wilson School at Princeton University, report that more than 25 percent of American men and women experience daily pain. They also report strong connections between the experience of pain and levels of income and education. Their study results appear in the May 3 issue of The Lancet.
The research is premised on evidence that people in the United States spend very large amounts of money for relief of pain -- $2 billion to $6 billion on non-prescription analgesics in the United States in 2007. Pain is also a major reason for seeking medical care and purchasing prescriptive medicines. The two estimate decreased labor force participation to cost more than $60 billion a year in lost productivity.
"Although much is known about the pain experienced by those with chronic illnesses, until now relatively little was known about pain in the entire U.S. population," Stone said. "Our assessment approach allowed us to get accurate information about pain at several carefully selected times from the previous day." The enabled the researchers to address several new questions about pain, daily activities, and respondents’ personal characteristics, he added.
Stone and Krueger conducted a community-based telephone survey via random-digit dialing to contact more than 10,000 people. In total, the researchers interviewed 3,982 people. The diary-survey involved phoning respondents and asking them to reconstruct the previous day. Three episodes from that day were randomly selected and information about pain, emotions, and current activity was obtained. The respondents were also questioned about their quality of life, occupation, education, and whether they had a disability that limited their work. To make the study results representative of the U.S. population, the data were adjusted with sample weights developed by the Gallup Organization.
The summary of the research findings showed that 29 percent of men and 27 percent of women reported feeling some pain at sampled times -- an indication that more than one quarter of Americans experience at least some daily pain. The authors also illustrate an association between pain and lower income and less education, writing, "Those with lower income or less education spent a higher proportion of time in pain and reported higher average pain than did those with higher income or more education." Stone said that the link between pain and levels of income and education in the study supports other findings that illustrate better health is associated with higher socioeconomic status.
Additionally, the researchers wrote, "The average pain rating increased with age, although it reached a plateau between ages of about 45 years and 75 years, with little difference between men and women. Satisfaction with life or health and the pain indicators tended to move in opposite directions."